The project concerns the creation of a functional access control system in which a RFID proximity card can be used to open a door. The system was built using an Arduino, an RFID module, a stepper motor controller and a stepper motor, but the entire system remained in prototype form, without being encapsulated.
The system works based on communication between the RFID module and the Arduino. When an RFID card is brought close to the reader, the device reads the unique identifier (UID) of the card and transmits it to the Arduino. The microcontroller checks whether the read UID is in the stored database of authorized cards. If the UID is correct, the Arduino sends a control signal to the stepper motor driver, which moves the lock bolt, unlocking the door. After a specified time, the stepper motor retracts the deadbolt to its original position, locking the door again.
For unauthorized cards, the system remains inactive, and the user is informed of the lack of access through an audible buzzer signal (buzzer) or a visual signal (e.g. red LED).
Project Implementation Process
1. System Design
- The first step was defining the functional requirements of the system, such as the ability to read RFID cards, control a stepper motor, and indicate the system’s operating status.
- Based on these requirements, an electrical schematic was designed, taking into account the connections between the RFID module, stepper motor driver, and additional components (LED, buzzer) with Arduino.
2. Prototype Construction
- The prototype was assembled on a breadboard to allow for quick testing and modifications.
- The RFID module was connected to the Arduino via the SPI interface, and the stepper motor driver was configured for precise motor movement control.
- An external power supply was used for the stepper motor to ensure sufficient power for its operation.
3. Arduino Programming
- The Arduino was programmed in C++ using the Arduino IDE. The code handled:
- Reading the UID from an RFID card using the MFRC522 library.
- Comparing the UID with a list of authorized cards stored in Arduino memory.
- Controlling the stepper motor to move the latch in case of successful authorization.
- Visual and audio signaling based on the system’s status.
- The list of authorized cards was stored in the program, allowing for quick verification.
4. System Testing
- Tests were conducted with various RFID cards to verify the correctness of UID reading and its validation against the stored database.
- The operation of the stepper motor was checked, including parameters such as step length, speed, and direction of rotation, to ensure smooth and precise mechanism operation.
- Additional components, such as LEDs and a buzzer, were tested to verify signal clarity for the user.
5. Prototype Finalization
- All components remained assembled on a breadboard, without enclosing them in a case. The prototype is fully functional but currently requires protection and integration with a physical locking mechanism.
Summary
The project resulted in the creation of a functional prototype of an access control system based on an RFID card and a stepper motor. The system is capable of reading an RFID card, verifying its UID, and controlling the stepper motor to unlock the door. The circuit operates correctly, and its further development could include enclosure installation, integration with a real door mechanism, and the addition of remote management functions for the authorized card database.
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